When a person who believes that Jesus died for the sins of everyone and thereby opened a door and made salvation possible for anyone who will accept it hears someone talking about Christ’s work on the cross being particular in its scope and intended efficacy to a select group only – also known as Limited Atonement or Particular Redemption, an integral part of what is known as the Doctrines of Grace – they will invariably run to 1 John 2:2 (those who know why they believe what they do, anyway). Many verses in Scripture can be ripped from their context and isolated from the rest of the Bible to appear supportive of any given theological position. 1 John 2:2 is not one of those verses, however. Let’s look at it.
He is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world. – ESV
He is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not only for ours but also for the sins of the whole world. – NIV
and He Himself is the propitiation for our sins; and not for ours only, but also for those of the whole world. – NASB
What is interesting is that this verse, like so many others such as John 3:16, actually cannot be taken by itself and have any real meaning. Who is the ‘He‘ being referred to? Who does ‘our‘ reference? These can only be assumed when taking this verse alone. But, that is another topic for another post. I may not be able to show from this one verse what is meant by our, and whole world, but I can easily demonstrate one very important thing that this verse does not teach, and I can do it because of one word used within the statement – propitiation.
One way to begin understanding what is meant by any given verse or passage in Scripture is through the process of elimination, which is done “by subsequently removing options that may be deemed impossible, illogical, or can be easily ruled out due to some sort of explicit understanding relative to the entire set of options, the pool of remaining possibilities grows smaller.” Simply by understanding this one word – propitiation – I can eliminate what is perhaps the most popular interpretation of this verse within evangelicalism. Once I get a grasp on what it really means to propitiate – or to make a propitiation – it is really quite easy to see what this verse cannot mean. And, frankly, what it cannot mean is exactly what most professing Christians think it does mean.
So, what does this word mean? The word found in 1 John 2:2 that is translated propitiation is the Greek word hilasmos, and means ‘an appeasing, propitiating’. Wow! That really cleared it up, didn’t it? Of course not. Now we have to find out what is meant by the word propitiation in English. The definition of this word in English is ‘to win the good will of; appease’. Okay…we are getting a little closer now. To this point, the definition ‘appease’ doesn’t really help, but I can begin to understand what it means to win the good will of something (for one thing, it presupposes that one must first be on the bad side of something, or someone, in order to win their good will).
My next step is to look up the word appease and see what it means. According to Webster, to appease is to ‘pacify, quiet, or satisfy, especially by giving in to the demands of’. Now we’re getting somewhere! I am starting to get a picture in my mind of what this propitiating act is all about. For one thing…it is clearly an action. It is something done, which results in winning the good will of, and pacifying, quieting, and satisfying the demands of some one or some thing. In our context, I think we can assume we are talking about God the Father who’s good will is won, and who is pacified, quieted and satisfied. If you disagree, please let me know why.
If we make one other leap without exegesis (for the sake of time) and assume the ‘He’ in 1 John 2:2 is referring to Jesus Christ, then we can clearly see that this verse is referring to Jesus…doing something which wins God the Father’s good will, and which also pacifies Him, quiets Him, and satisfies His demands on something or someone. Remember, to have all of these good things coming about from this propitiation means that there were – prior to the propitiation – bad things. Further reading of this verse shows the context of what is the cause of Jesus’ act of propitiating – sin. Because of sin, the Father must be appeased. Because of sin, the Son must satisfy some demand of the Father. And propitiation is the act by Christ which appeases the Father, and satisfies and pacifies Him. It quiets the Father, and fulfills His demands.
Without drawing this out any longer than it needs to be, let me get right to the point. Regarding salvation, the Father demands payment for sin (and as Bud Fox’s boss says in Wall Street, “Somebody’s got to pay!”). How true. Somebody’s got to pay. That’s the Father’s demand. And He demands it in blood. This is where propitiation comes in. Jesus, the perfect sacrifice, made an appeasing of sin. He fulfilled the demands of the Father. And whoever He did this for, there no longer exists any wrath or anger from God on that individual. The payment has been satisfied. But, the question is, “For whom did He do this?” Well, now knowing from the study of the word propitiation, I can start to answer that question by saying, “I at least know for sure what the scope of the propitiation wasn’t!” I can, without a doubt, say that Jesus was not the propitiation for the sins of every single human being, for then – according to what we have just studied – God’s wrath and anger against every single human who ever lived or will live has been quenched/satisfied. And that, my friends, is universalism.
So, now we have a starting point for understanding this verse that is so often misread and misinterpreted, and we can begin to – as I hope we all would want to do – interpret this passage truthfully and without pre-conceived notions and emotional influence. Whatever ‘whole world’ means in this verse, it cannot mean every single human being. To interpret it that way is do severe damage to the rest of God’s word. And as much as you may want to hold to a particular theology about man’s role in salvation and God providing a way for that salvation, I’m sure you want to be consistent and biblical in your interpretations…as I do.